Animals must slow or halt locomotion to integrate sensory inputs or to change direction. In
Caenorhabditis elegans, the GABAergic and peptidergic neuron RIS mediates …

Sleep-active neurons depolarize during sleep to suppress wakefulness circuits. Wake-active
wake-promoting neurons in turn shut down sleep-active neurons, thus forming a bipartite flip …

Neuromodulators shape neural circuit dynamics. Combining electron microscopy, genetics,
transcriptome profiling, calcium imaging, and optogenetics, we discovered a peptidergic …

Sleep is evolutionarily conserved, thus studying simple invertebrates such as
Caenorhabditis elegans can provide mechanistic insight into sleep with single cell …

Electrophysiological recordings have enabled identification of physiologically distinct yet
behaviorally similar states of mammalian sleep. In contrast, sleep in nonmammals has …

Background Sleep is an essential behavior that is found in all animals that have a nervous
system. Neural activity is thought to control sleep, but little is known about the identity and …

Across species, sleep is characterized by a complex architecture. Sleep deprivation is a
classic method to study the consequences of sleep loss, which include alterations in the …

Sleep is ancient and fulfills higher brain functions as well as basic vital processes. Little is
known about how sleep emerged in evolution and what essential functions it was selected …

Glia have been suggested to regulate sleep-like states in vertebrates and invertebrates
alike. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, sleep is associated with molting between …

During larval molts, Caenorhabditis elegans exhibits a sleep-like state (termed lethargus)
that is characterized by the absence of feeding and profound locomotion quiescence. The …