B cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases and the
recognition of the importance of B cells in these disorders has grown dramatically in …

Recent researches shed light on B cell role on various autoimmune diseases, including
autoantibody-mediated diseases as well as T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases such as …

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex disease characterised by numerous
autoantibodies and clinical involvement in multiple organ systems. The immunological …

Co-ordinated interaction between distinct cell types is a hallmark of successful immune
function. A striking example of this is the carefully orchestrated cooperation between helper …

While a variety of factors act to trigger or initiate autoimmune diseases, the process of
epitope spreading is an important contributor in their development. Epitope spreading is a …

Autoantibodies clearly contribute to tissue inflammation in systemic lupus erythematosus. In
order to therapeutically target B cells making pathogenic autoantibodies, it is necessary to …

Age‐associated B cells (ABCs) have emerged as critical components of immune responses.
Their inappropriate expansion and differentiation have increasingly been linked to the …

B lymphocytes are the source of humoral immunity and are thus a critical component of the
adaptive immune system. However, B cells can also be pathogenic and the origin of …

Most mature B cells can be divided into four subtypes based on the expression of the
surface markers IgD and CD27: IgD+ CD27− naïve B cells, IgD+ CD27+ unswitched memory …

Approval of the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab for the treatment of moderate-to-severe
rheumatoid arthritis in patients who fail to respond to anti-tumor-necrosis-factor agents has …