Dystonia is a syndrome characterised by sustained muscle contractions, producing twisting,
repetitive, and patterned movements, or abnormal postures. The dystonic syndromes …

Primary dystonia has traditionally been viewed as a basal ganglia disorder, but recent
studies suggest that the cerebellum plays a crucial role in the disease. Primary dystonia is …

Dystonia is a brain disorder causing involuntary, often painful movements. Apart from a role
for dopamine deficiency in some forms, the cellular mechanisms underlying most dystonias …

Dystonia is a heterogeneous movement disorder and has been defined as 'a syndrome of
sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing twisted and repetitive movements, or …

Primary dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by sustained muscle contractions
and in which dystonia is the only or predominant clinical feature. TOR1A (DYT1) and the …

Advances in molecular biology have revealed mutations in increasing numbers of genes
that cause several forms of primary and secondary dystonia. Studies of the biologic function …

Introduction: Dystonia is a neurological disorder associated with twisting motions and
abnormal postures, which compromise normal movements and can be both painful and …

R. Paudel, J. Hardy, T. Revesz, JL Holton and H. Houlden (2012) Neuropathology and
Applied Neurobiology38, 520–534 Genetics and neuropathology of primary pure dystonia …

Dystonia is a movement disorder of both genetic and non-genetic causes, which typically
results in twisted posturing due to abnormal muscle contraction. Evidence from dystonia …

Dystonia is characterized by muscle contractions leading to abnormal postures with
involuntary twisting and repetitive movements. Inherited dystonia designated by DYT locus …