The urbanisation and hardening of shorelines is likely to continue in response to coastal
population growth and climate change. To mitigate associated ecological impacts …

Over the last decade there has been a global effort to eco-engineer urban artificial
shorelines with the aim of increasing their biodiversity and extending their conservation …

Over 80% of the money allocated to protect coastlines from climatic change is spent building
new seawalls or increasing the stability, height and length of existing seawalls. Although this …

The construction of artificial structures, such as seawalls, is increasing globally, resulting in
loss of habitat complexity and native species biodiversity. There is increasing interest in …

Marine artificial structures often support lower native species diversity and more non-
indigenous species (NIS), but adding complex habitat and using bioreceptive materials have …

Urbanization replaces natural shorelines with built infrastructure, seriously impacting
species living on these “new” shores. Understanding the ecology of developed shorelines …

Artificial structures are sprawling in marine seascapes as a result of burgeoning coastal
populations, increasing development and energy demand, and greater risks from climate …

Worldwide, coastlines are becoming increasingly hardened by infrastructure in response to
population growth, need for space, and coastal protection. Coastal and marine infrastructure …

Following progressive urbanisation of coastal areas, artificial structures are becoming
common features of landscapes in shallow waters. Despite this, few studies have focused on …

Along urbanised coastlines, urban infrastructure is increasingly becoming the dominant
habitat. These structures are often poor surrogates for natural habitats, and a diversity of eco …