The dystonias are a group of disorders characterized by excessive contraction of muscles
leading to abnormal involuntary movements. The clinical manifestations are very …

Advances in molecular biology have revealed mutations in increasing numbers of genes
that cause several forms of primary and secondary dystonia. Studies of the biologic function …

The recent mapping of additional dystonia gene loci, the identification of novel dystonia
genes, and the characterization of proteins encoded by these genes have enhanced our …

Dystonia, a common and genetically heterogeneous neurological disorder, was recently
defined as “a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle …

Dystonia is a clinically and genetically highly heterogeneous neurological disorder
characterized by abnormal movements and postures caused by involuntary sustained or …

Dystonia is a common movement disorder seen by neurologists in clinic. Genetic forms of
the disease are important to recognize clinically and also provide valuable information about …

The revised classification and identification of new genes for different forms of dystonia,
including adult-onset segmental dystonia, enable an improved diagnostic approach. Recent …

Dystonias comprise a group of movement disorders that are characterized by involuntary
movements and postures. Insight into the nature of neuronal dysfunction has been provided …

Introduction: Dystonia is a neurological disorder associated with twisting motions and
abnormal postures, which compromise normal movements and can be both painful and …

Phenotypic classification continues to be important to recognize particular forms of dystonia
and this includes syndromic associations. There are a number of genes underlying isolated …