Topographic complexity is often considered to be closely associated with habitat complexity
and niche diversity; however, complex topography per se does not imply habitat suitability …

In response to ongoing coastal urbanization, it is critical to develop effective methods to
improve the biodiversity and ecological sustainability of artificial shorelines. Enhancing the …

Coastal defences are proliferating in response to climate change, leading to the creation of
more vertical substrata. Efforts are being made to mitigate their impacts and create novel …

Over the last decade there has been a global effort to eco-engineer urban artificial
shorelines with the aim of increasing their biodiversity and extending their conservation …

Ecosystem engineers can influence biodiversity by enhancing complexity, and modifying the
availability of resources. Understanding the mechanisms by which ecosystem engineers …

Ocean sprawl is a growing threat to marine and coastal ecosystems globally, with wide-
ranging consequences for natural habitats and species. Artificial structures built in the …

Urbanization of coastal habitats is increasing worldwide. However, most man‐made
structures are poor surrogates for the habitats they replace and can strongly impact the …

Animals and plants of the marine benthos depend on their substrata for attachment, on
surfaces or within sediments, and for access to a source of prey and nutrients. In the case of …

Marine infrastructures are increasing, generating a variety of impacts and introducing
artificial habitats which have low ecological value and support assemblages that differ …

Along urbanised coastlines, urban infrastructure is increasingly becoming the dominant
habitat. These structures are often poor surrogates for natural habitats, and a diversity of eco …