… A primary vascular effect of tES is highly suggested based on various preclinical and clinical
studies. We explain how the nature of vascular response can … the vascular response and its …

… The ubiquitous vascular response to transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) has been
attributed to the secondary effect of neuronal activity forming the classic neurovascular coupling. …

… This analysis assumes negligible “macroscopic” change in E BRAIN across brain voxel in
the absence of vasculature (ie the electric field is uniform for a homogenous brain voxel) such …

… Common functional imaging techniques measure hemodynamic response (eg, Arterial Spin
Labeling fMRI, H 2 0 15 PET, SPECT, BOLD fMRI, fNIRS) and are interpreted as indexing …

… to simulate the vascular response to electric fields generated by tES. … how tES can initiate
vascular responses such as vasocon-… Neurovascular modulation occurs in various stimulation …

… (EEG) can elucidate neurovascular modulation by tES in health and disease [6], which can
… of the vascular response through various pathways that are susceptible to electric fields, as …

… neurovascular modulation by tES in health and disease [6] that can be dysfunctional post-…
of the vascular response through various pathways that are susceptible to the electric field as …

… The aim of this review is therefore to summarize the available evidence for each type of
neuromodulation for CV and DCI, with a special focus on its pathophysiological mechanisms, in …

… We conclude that at a range of intensities, vascular reaction assessed using middle
cerebral artery blood flow is not significantly altered during or after HD-tDCS both locally and …

… blood flow (CBF) responses. This manuscript will review the major issues related to
neurovascular coupling including: the anatomic structure of cerebral vasculature, organ-level …