Importance Possible associations between stimulant treatment of attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and subsequent substance use remain debated and
clinically relevant. Objective To assess the association of stimulant treatment of ADHD with
subsequent substance use using the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA), which
provides a unique opportunity to test this association while addressing methodologic
complexities (principally, multiple dynamic confounding variables). Design, Setting, and …