… A salient feature of healthy cardiac function is the reliable and precise beat-to-beat pacemaking
and amplitude of Ca 2+ transients during EC coupling. In this review, we discuss recent …

… contained a single transistor-based blocking pulse oscillator which delivered pacing … heart,
that is, whether the natural pacemaker in the heart beats or not. The competition of two pacing …

… interests: The authors have declared that no competing … Fig 1 demonstrates the timeline of
the historical development of … fixed the intrinsic oscillation frequency of the pacemaker cells (…

… pacemakers have been published over the past 2 decades, however, clinical implementation
has yet to be realized. Here, we consider biological pacemakers in the context … oscillation. …

… Isolated individual sinoatrial node cardiac pacemaker cells have varying periods [66–69],
but at high density, they exhibit the stereotypical 80 beats per minute [61,70]. Dispersed …

… happens when multiple pacemakers compete with each other. … pacemakers synchronize
depending on their size, oscillation … , 5 or cardiac tissues, where they play a role in arrhythmias. …

… Functions within each of these clocks (or “biological oscillators”) are … in human cardiac
pacemaker health and disease. In this … interests: The authors declare that they have no competing …

… At low levels of coupling, pacemaker cells display independent oscillation. As coupling is
progressively increased: (1) dynamic patterns of entrainment with varying frequency emerge, (2…

… has saved millions of people in the past fifty years. However … of pacemaking behaviours in
non-rhythmic cardiac myocytes… their roles in sustaining the spontaneous oscillation. Up to now, …

… The history of the bionic cardiac pacemaker will be reviewed … cellular oscillators or auto-arrhythmic
cells, focusing on the cardiac … when the two pacemakers compete with each other in a …