… During the past few decades analysis of cardiac function based on the heart rate variability
(… Heart is not a periodic oscillator under normal physiologic conditions [7] and standard time …

… on the history of the development of artificial pacemakers with … working on circuitry of oscillator
to record of heart sound and … of pacemaker is emergence of competition between natural …

… pacemaking locus of initiation (LOI) are conflicting (3–5), and the mechanisms determining
its location in the early heart are … Our single-oscillator model showed that the increase in beat …

… integrated to formulate a coupled oscillator, leading to the coupled-… In this chapter, we review
key and novel aspects of this … Our historical appreciation of the coupled-clock operational …

… Examples from both natural and engineered systems include cardiac pacemaker dynamics
[3], power grids [4], and Josephson junctions [5]. The Kuramoto phase oscillator model and …

… loosely coupled oscillators (dubbed the ‘democratic process’) [6,7]. As a result, historic SAN
… Indeed, recent studies [43] discovered two competing right atrial pacemakers: one near the …

… Functions within each of these clocks (or “biological oscillators”) are … in human cardiac
pacemaker health and disease. In this … interests: The authors declare that they have no competing …

… a rather recent event compared to long history of human beings. In … these competing. Recently,
the synchronization of nonlinear … oscillator, think of coupled pacemaker cells in your heart. …

… Conclusion and Implications: We confirmed the contribution of the NCX current to cardiac
pacemaking … Competing oscillators in cardiac pacemaking: historical background. Circ. Res. …

… It was possible to compute 2 s of heart pacemaker activity in … , and is as dependent on
contextual history as on principles of … a relaxation oscillation, and an electrical model of the heart. …