… The resulting back surface field, created by a gradient in electron … When the absorber is
deposited via the multi-stage co-… More sophisticated methods are needed to study the effect of …

… Furthermore, the effect of band gap grading with gallium in the absorber layer is … CIGS solar
cell device structure consists of a glass substrate, a sputtered Mo back contact, multi-stage co…

… , the effect of CIGS layer thickness on the solar cell properties … scale production, for example
in a roll-to-roll production line, … The dependence of GGI depth grading on [Se]/[Metal] was …

… energies depending on the indium to gallium ratio, from 1.0 eV … a multi-stage deposition
process and the influence of the Cu … a cleaved cross section of a similar solar cell with a ca. 5 nm …

… A certified Si solar cell was used for calibration. Capacitance… of a multi-stage deposition
with indicative Cu, In, Ga … In the first and second approach, we implemented steeper gallium …

… to gallium ratio across their thickness. The relative amount of … the effects of the Cu content
in Ga-graded CIGS absorbers. … , the standard 3-stage process was modified into a multi-stage …

… to propose the most suitable gallium double-grading profile for the … are fabricated by a
multi-stage co-evaporation process, … a double-grading for an enhancement of the CIGS solar cell …

… The solar cell structure based on copper indium gallium … investigate the effect of graded
doping concentration absorber profile… Cu deficiency in multistage coevaporated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 for …

… Effects of various Ga grading profiles in the CIGS absorber … -generated electron hole pairs
within the CIGS absorber at … of a CIGS solar cell with 0.3 μm thick non-graded absorber and a …

… grading on [Se]/[Metal] was not reported in previous works [6,9] and we think this is one of
the characteristic of the multi stage … Effects of Se flux on solar cell properties Figure 5 shows …