… , sex or smoking habits. In summary, risk factors for CAO among asthmatics are similar as in
… been associated with an increased risk for incident asthma among adults in the study area […

… smoking in asthma is a relevant risk factor to develop airflow reduction and fixed airflow
obstruction in conjunction with less allergy, increased T2 … Therefore, heavy smokers with asthma …

… and irreversible airflow obstruction (IRAO) in asthma. This … reversibility of airflow obstruction
in adult asthmatics to identify … of non-smoking asthmatics present with irreversible airway …

… smoking increases the risk of adult airflow obstruction among children with persistent asthma.
… There was a statistically significant interaction between cumulative smoking and asthma …

… morbidity and mortality compared with asthma in younger patients. Fixed airflow obstruction
… survival in younger patients, but its significance remains unclear in older adults with asthma. …

… a potential causal relationship between smoking and asthma had conflicting results and did
… Clinical and biological factors associated with irreversible airway obstruction in adult asthma…

… significant relationship between smoking and asthma control [3]. … tobacco smoking on
asthma control, exacerbation rate, and lung-function parameters among three groups of asthmatic …

… , complex interactions between smoking-induced and asthma-induced airway inflammation,
… history (>10 pack-years), and spirometry evidence of persistent airflow obstruction (COPD). …

… Th2 inflammatory response and small airway function (FEF25–75%… asthma endotypes
involved in the pathways linking smoking, Th2-type inflammation, and small airway obstruction. …

… defined asthma the relationship between smoking and … In addition, variable airway obstruction,
a hallmark of asthma … patients with no reversibility of the airways. Furthermore, our main …