… We also consider the known risk factors for MS and the need for careful evaluation of these
… , suggesting abnormalities in brain metabolic pathways 44 . These early studies suggest that …

… association with a potential prodromal symptom. Other case-… imaging and altered metabolic
pathways in individuals with … onset of the prodromal phase and be a true risk factor for MS. …

… Identification of triggers for MS onset requires careful consideration of the prodromal phase
to avoid attributing a “risk factor” for MS to manifestations of early symptoms of disease (…

… related to the multiple sclerosis prodrome. The unbiased … multiple sclerosis prodrome and
lend support to other published observations describing a possible multiple sclerosis prodrome…

… understanding of causal pathways 24 . Given the subsequent evidence for a prodromal stage
of … research criteria for prodromal PD 9,43 by combining multiple risk factors for and early …

… , and is thus a challenge to studies of risk factors and relevant timing. Objectives: The …
prodromal MS and advance research on established and putative new environmental risk factors. …

… levels have implicated vD in the causal pathway of MS 18. … , through the asymptomatic,
prodromal and symptomatic … the time from exposure to environmental risk factors and the onset of …

… as potential risk factors for developing MS, eg infectious diseases such as Epstein-Barr
virus/mononucleosis or traumatic brain injury [Citation18,Citation19]; and conditions occurring …

… As our knowledge of the prodromal period of disease improves, it might also be possible to
… More evidence is needed for the causative role of known risk factors. Most of what is known …

… has yet been shown to be present in all patients with MS, with the possible exception of the
EBV in adult-onset MS, suggests that causal pathways are likely to differ between individuals …