Insulin resistance is a major risk factor for numerous diseases, including type 2 diabetes and
cardiovascular disease. These disorders have dramatically increased in incidence with
modern life, suggesting that excess nutrients and obesity are major causes of" common"
insulin resistance. Despite considerable effort, the mechanisms that contribute to common
insulin resistance are not resolved. There is universal agreement that extracellular
perturbations, such as nutrient excess, hyperinsulinemia, glucocorticoids, or inflammation …