Nucleic acid-based technologies have received significant interest in recent years as novel theranostic strategies for various diseases. The approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of Nusinersen, an antisense oligonucleotide drug, for the treatment of spinal muscular dystrophy highlights the potential of nucleic acids to treat neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive impairment of cognitive function and behavior. It is the most common form of dementia; it affects more than 20% of people over 65 years of age and leads to death 7-15 years after diagnosis. Intervention with novel agents addressing the underlying molecular causes is critical. Here we provide a comprehensive review on recent developments in nucleic acid-based theranostic strategies to diagnose and treat AD.