… ICRC unless their role is to directly participate in hostilities.… the loss of protection to a civilian’s
actual direct participation in … could be misused as an opportunity to enact ‘revenge killings’ …

… In eastern DRC, several dozen non-state armed groups, of varying levels of organization and
… Second, displacement results in the loss of social networks, and hence of the usual conflict …

… constraining: Kenneth Watkin, “Opportunity Lost: Organized Armed Groups and the ICRC ‘…
organized armed group, but whose function does not involve direct participation in hostilities”.…

… of the Red Cross (ICRC) on finding a definition for ‘direct … who take a direct part in
hostilities lose their protection under … membership in an organized armed group is whether a …

… ICRC in its Interpretive Guidance on Direct Participation in … many supportive forms of direct
participation in hostilities, is a … , ‘Opportunity Lost: Organized Armed Groups and the ICRC "…

… Members of organized armed groups would thus not benefit … -who lose protection against
direct attack when they engage in … The ICRC Guidance on direct participation in hostilities …

… membership of both organized armed groups whether State or … proposed by the ICRC for
non-State organized armed groups. … only be possible if incidental loss (in other words collateral …

… of a state's armed forces (whose members lose protection from attack based … organized
armed group (where, the ICRC argues, only those members who directly participate in hostilities …

… This chapter explores the opportunities and challenges that … Committee for the Red Cross
has nevertheless shown that a state … to make full reparation for the loss or injury caused both in …

… ICRC, 'a clear and uniform definition of direct participation in … of the Guidance was the
opportunity it presented to pinpoint … on the loss of protection against direct attack. The international …