… L4−L5. Maximum differences in the sum of global and local … The compressive and shear
forces predicted with the RM (F … of local muscle forces showed a marginal decrease in LTPL (1…

… (spine and musculature, ~14–27%), negligible reductions in … a) T12-S1 lumbar spine and
(b) detailed L4-L5 disc including … ligaments produced net anterior shear forces, especially in …

… The maximum von Mises stress and maximum shear stress … formation of anterior osteophytes
and the reduction in nucleus … Third, the lack of lumbar muscle is a common shortcoming in …

… the changes in compressive and shear forces at the T6/T7, T12/L1, and L4/L5 discs. … in
the shear forces (45 N) at the T6/T7 joint, and quadratus lumborum led to the highest decrease (…

… over the L4–L5 [5, 30]. The L4–L5 disc degeneration is modeled by reducing the disc height
… gross compression and shear forces as well as global/local/total muscle forces (Figs. 2 and …

… to estimate lumbar spinal loading at the L5/S1, L4/L5 and L3/… instructed in workplaces to
reduce lumbar spinal loading, it has … However, the anterior shear force at the L5/S1 in the current …

… hypothesis that in patients with L4-L5 LDH, multifidus muscle grading was higher at the L5-…
restrict segment movement, thus reduce the pressure and shear forces on the intervertebral …

… Furthermore, the preload of the spinal structures is reduced. … After removal of muscle and fat,
the segments were isolated … bending moments and pure shear forces. Further details on the …

… had to be distinctly reduced in order to approach our measured overall lumbar stiffness values.
Even … First, predictions of shear force components transmitted between vertebrae are very …

… for L4/L5 and L5/S1 in the in vivo studies, whereas all lumbar … from a shear force of 145 N
applied in anterior, posterior, and … shift of the muscle layers relative to the spinal structures can …