Objectives

To investigate the risk factors for pulmonary hemorrhage and its clinical outcome in very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs).

Methods

The medical data were collected from all live VLBWIs (gestational age< 35 weeks) who were admitted to Jiangsu Women and Children Health Hospital and Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2021. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 574 VLBWIs were included in the study, with 44 VLBWIs in the pulmonary hemorrhage group and 530 VLBWIs in the non-pulmonary hemorrhage group. The clinical data were compared between the two groups. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for pulmonary hemorrhage.

Results

There were significant differences between the two groups in maternal age, rate of positive-pressure ventilation for resuscitation, rate of tracheal intubation for resuscitation, and minimum body temperature within 1 hour after birth (P< 0.05). The pulmonary hemorrhage group had a higher proportion of VLBWIs with grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ respiratory distress syndrome or early-onset sepsis than the non-pulmonary hemorrhage group (P< 0.05). The pulmonary hemorrhage group also had a higher proportion of VLBWIs with a capillary refilling time of> 3 seconds within 1 hour after birth and with the maximum positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of< 5 cmH 2 O within 24 hours after birth (P< 0.05). The multivariate regression analysis showed that maternal age of 30-< 35 years (OR= 0.115, P< 0.05) was a protective factor against pulmonary hemorrhage, while a lower temperature (< 34 C) within 1 hour after birth, the maximum PEEP of< 5 cm H 2 O within 24 hours after birth, and early-onset sepsis were risk factors for pulmonary hemorrhage (OR= 11.609, 11.118, and 20.661, respectively; P< 0.05). For all VLBWIs, the pulmonary hemorrhage group had a longer duration of invasive ventilation and a higher mortality rate than the non-pulmonary hemorrhage group (P< 0.05); for the survival VLBWIs, the pulmonary hemorrhage group had a higher incidence rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia than the non-pulmonary hemorrhage group (P< 0.05).

Conclusions

Maintaining the stability of temperature, giving appropriate PEEP, and identifying sepsis as early as possible can reduce the incidence rate of pulmonary hemorrhage, thereby helping to reduce the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and mortality in VLBWIs.