… medicine, and cancer therapeutics [1]. Immunotherapy such as adoptive cell transfer (ACT),
and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), is a type of cancer therapy, taking advantage of …

… therapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab.116 In conclusion, it is critical to investigate the precise
mechanism of action of each checkpoint inhibitor … for a more successful cancer therapy. …

… development of checkpoint inhibitors. This shifted the focus from developing therapies that
targeted activation of the host immune system against cancer to checkpoint inhibitors, which …

… checkpoint inhibitors for cancer (Table 1), with emphasis on: 1) the ways in which ICB
regimens have already revolutionized cancer … checkpoint inhibitors as anti-cancer therapeutic …

… immunity, especially the identification of immune checkpoint pathways, has led to the …
a revolution in cancer therapy since the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), …

… -L1), respectively, in the inhibition of negative immune regulation [6]. This review sheds light
on a specific class of immunotherapy called immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs). There are …

… Cancer immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors is a promising new strategy that
has demonstrated unprecedented success against advanced cancers. Starting with the US …

… —namely, antigenicity, adjuvanticity, and homeostatic feedback inhibition. We … cancer
therapies, molecularly targeted therapies, epigenetic agents, and immune checkpoint inhibitors …

… provisions for the mechanism of action for cancer immunotherapy. Unlike other classes of
cancer therapy that act directly on the tumor, cancer immunotherapy first acts via the immune …

… The first immune checkpoint receptor that was discovered and characterized, cytotoxic T
lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), was in turn the first shown to be relevant to cancer therapy. In …