Introduction Several studies in COPD have shown a significant and early increase in the risk
of cardiovascular mortality attributable to inhaled bronchodilators including long acting β2 …

The pharmacological treatment of patients with coexisting cardiovascular disease (CVD)
and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is challenging, because some drugs for …

Background Inhaled anticholinergics, recommended as first-line maintenance treatment for
patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), has been …

Background Bronchodilators are first-line therapy for COPD. There is some evidence that
they may increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Methods We used the computerized …

Knowledge on the effects of the additive bronchodilatory effects of short-acting agents on the
top of the effect of long-acting bronchodilators is limited. In this trial, we examined the …

The cardiovascular risk of concurrently using long-acting β2-agonists (LABAs) and
anticholinergics (LAMAs) in COPD is uncertain. We assessed the comparative …

A majority of existing studies have focused on the efficacy of inhaled long-acting
bronchodilators (ILABs), such as long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) and long …

Study objective To evaluate the impact of a week-long course of inhaled albuterol compared
with ipratropium on expiratory peak flow, exercise performance, and dyspnea in patients …

Background A previous study suggested a potential increased risk of cardiac arrhythmia with
new use of long-acting β-agonists and ipratropium bromide in patients with COPD, although …

Background Cardiovascular comorbidities are common in chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), and elevated heart rate reflects increased cardiovascular risk over time …