Objectives: Cotinine is the most widely used biomarker to distinguish active versus passive
smoking. However, there is an overlap in cotinine levels when comparing light or occasional …

Chronic exposure to specific carcinogens present in secondhand smoke has been
associated with different types of cancers. Hair is an ideal matrix to develop a proper …

Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of chemicals, including several tobacco-specific
nitrosamines (TSNA). Most TSNA are formed in tobacco during the post-harvest period …

Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are emitted during smoking and form indoors by
nitrosation of nicotine. Two of them, N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4 …

The potential endogenous nitrosation of nicotine and cotinine to yield 4-(N-
methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl) butyric acid (Iso-NNAC) has been studied in smokers and …

4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) is an efficient biomarker of tobacco-
specific carcinogen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). The ability to …

The tobacco and mainstream smoke of 20 commercial brands of filter and non-filter
cigarettes were analysed for N-nitroso compounds. The concentrations of N …

Introduction Smoking exposes people to high levels of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines
(TSNAs), which include potent carcinogens. We systematically reviewed TSNA exposure …

A new method was developed for the analysis of metabolites of the tobacco-specific lung
carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in human urine. The …

Bidi cigarettes, or bidis, are a tobacco product that originated in India and have been gaining
popularity in the USA during the past few years, particularly with adolescents. As with …