The insolubility of Fe 3+ necessitates special mechanisms for iron acquisition in most
organisms. Bacteria use siderophores to chelate Fe 3+ and iron in heme, hemoglobin …

The possession of specialized iron transport systems may be crucial for bacteria to override
the iron limitation imposed by the host or the environment. One of the most commonly found …

2. TRANSPORT ACROSS THE OUTER MEMBRANE 2.1. The Need for Receptor Proteins
2.2. The Receptor Proteins Form Regulated Channels 2.3. Energy Requirement for Channel …

▪ Abstract Iron is an essential element for most organisms, including bacteria. The oxidized
form is insoluble, and the reduced form is highly toxic for most macromolecules and, in …

In Gram-negative bacteria an iron-deficient state is required for both induction of desferri-
siderophores and overproduction of the cognate outer membrane receptor proteins. Thus …

Bacteria solve the iron supply problem caused by the insolubility of Fe3+ by synthesizing
iron-complexing compounds, called siderophores, and by using iron sources of their hosts …

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria constitutes a permeability barrier that
protects the cell from exterior hazards, but also complicates the uptake of nutrients. In the …

A mechanism of ion transport across membranes is reported. Microbial transport of Fe3+
generally delivers iron, a growth-limiting nutrient, to cells via highly specific siderophore …

The major mechanisms used by microorganisms to transport iron within the cell are through
chelation, reduction and low-affinity transport. Microbially-produced iron chelators are …

Although a stimulating review by JB Neilands in 1957 [1] correctly identified the
physiological function of certain microbial ferric chelators, it was in 1973 that Charles …