All plants have evolved innate immunity to recognize invading pathogens and to elicit
successful defense response against invading pathogen, but the magnitude of such defense …

Plants are organisms that are permanently exposed because of their sessile nature to harsh
conditions including attack from pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and …

Plants represent a rich source of nutrients for many organisms including fungi, bacteria,
protists, insects, and vertebrates and constantly being challenged by various types of …

Plants and their pathogen co-evolved simultaneously and therefore survive either through
symbiotic or parasitic interaction. With the human civilization and increasing population, food …

The two major mechanisms of plant defense against pathogens are resistance (the host's
ability to limit pathogen multiplication) and tolerance (the host's ability to reduce the effect of …

Changing climatic conditions and population rise pose a great threat to crop productivity
worldwide. The Rhizospheric zone of plants contains beneficial microorganisms that help …

Pathogen attack has been one of the chief constrains that reduce crop productivity
worldwide. Plants have established sophisticated mechanisms to counter and acclimatize …

Being sessile organisms, plants are persistently confronted by a diverse array of biotic
agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, herbivores, and nematodes. Understanding the …

Plants are always exposed to the wide variety of pathogens. In compatible interaction,
pathogen can successfully invade into the host plant by manipulating host immune system …

The most viable and practical option for the management of plant diseases is disease
resistance. However, in most of the crop plants, natural resistance against pathogens is rare …