Individual reaction norms describe how labile phenotypes vary as a function of organisms'
expected trait values (intercepts) and plasticity across environments (slopes), as well as their …

Many phenotypic traits vary in a predictable way across environments, as captured by their
norms of reaction. These reaction norms may be discrete or continuous, and can …

Phenotypic plasticity is a central topic in ecology and evolution. Individuals may differ in the
degree of plasticity (individual‐by‐environment interaction (I× E)), which has implications for …

Evolutionary ecologists increasingly study reaction norms that are expressed repeatedly
within the same individual's lifetime. For example, foragers continuously alter anti‐predator …

Estimating quantitative genetic and phenotypic (co) variances plays a crucial role in
investigating key evolutionary ecological phenomena, such as developmental integration …

Plasticity has been acknowledged as having a central role in organismal evolutionary
responses to environments (eg West-Eberhard, 2003; Sultan, 2015; Sgro et al., 2016). As …

Forms of phenotypic plasticity in key traits, and forms of selection on and genetic variation in
such plasticity, fundamentally underpin phenotypic, population dynamic, and evolutionary …

Environments shape the traits of organisms. Environmental variation may rarely alter
selection on only a few traits, but instead precipitate wholesale changes of the …

Genetic assimilation emerges from selection on phenotypic plasticity. Yet, commonly used
quantitative genetics models of linear reaction norms considering intercept and slope as …

Most organisms possess traits that are sensitive to changes in the environment (ie, plastic
traits) which results in the expression of environmentally induced polymorphisms. While …