Cocaine has potent pharmacological actions on a number of monoaminergic systems in the
brain, including those that use noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin as neurotransmitters …

Escalation in cocaine self-administration is hypothesized to involve increased motivation to
consume cocaine. The present study determined the effects of escalated cocaine self …

Environmental enrichment (EE) during a period of forced abstinence attenuates incentive
motivational effects of cocaine‐paired stimuli. Here we examined whether EE during forced …

When reinterpreted, data from Ahmed and Koob [Ahmed, SH, Koob, GF, Transition from
moderate to excessive drug intake: Change in hedonic set point. Science 1998; 282: 298 …

Rationale Cocaine dependence is characterized by compulsive drug taking that supercedes
other recreational, occupational or social pursuits. We hypothesized that rats vulnerable to …

Background The availability of alternative reinforcement has been shown to reduce drug
use, but it remains unclear whether it facilitates a reduction or cessation of drug seeking or …

Rhesus monkeys were trained in a discretetrials choice procedure and allowed to choose
between intravenous injections of cocaine (0.01–1.0 mg/kg/injection) and food presentation …

Cocaine is known to increase brain dopamine at supranormal levels in comparison to
alternative nondrug rewards. According to the dopamine hypothesis of addiction, this …

In rats trained to reliably self-administer cocaine, the cumulative drug level was calculated
during sessions in which cocaine was administered either contingently or non-contingently …

The transition from drug use to drug addiction is associated with a process of escalation,
whereby drug use becomes excessive and difficult to control. Several mechanisms have …