ABSTRACT Introduction: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemicals that alter
the actions of hormones. In the 21st Century, numerous expert groups of clinicians …

A large number of diverse nonsteroidal chemicals, referred to as xenoestrogens, bind to the
estrogen receptor (ER) and evoke biological responses. The activity of most xenoestrogens …

The realization that environmental contaminants interact with hormone receptors and mimic
or antagonize the actions of endogenous hormones led to introduction of terms such as …

Descriptions of endocrine disruption have largely been associated with wildlife and driven
by observations documenting estrogenic, androgenic, antiandrogenic, and antithyroid …

Address correspondence to Å. Bergman, Department of Materials and Environmental
Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: ake. bergman …

Some recent EU Regulations have focused on the potential risks posed by the presence of
endocrine disrupters (ED) into the environment. However there are conflicting opinions on …

Highlights•The use of academic research in risk assessment of EDCs needs to be
improved.•Regulatory risk assessment puts specific requirements on study design and …

Concerning temporal trends in human reproductive health has prompted concern about the
role of environmentally mediated risk factors. The population is exposed to chemicals …

It has been established that a wide variety of anthropogenic (man-made) chemicals in the
environment are capable of modulating and adversely affecting or disrupting endocrine …