Abstract Interleukin (IL)‑1β serves a crucial role in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis.
Previous studies have indicated that the ERK/STAT1 signaling pathway may be involved in …

Osteoarthritis is a type of joint disease that may lead to other joint diseases. Previous
research has demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α is associated with …

The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway regulates multiple processes in innate and
adaptive immune cells. This pathway is involved in inflammation through the regulation of …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes irreversible joint
damage and significant disability. However, the fundamental mechanisms underlying how …

The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 β (IL-1 β) induces the synthesis of prostaglandin
E2 by upregulating cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the synovial tissue of individuals with …

Introduction The clinical efficacy of specific interleukin-6 inhibitors has confirmed the central
role of IL6 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However the local role of IL6, in particular in synovial …

Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease leading to joint
destruction and disability. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator …

Abstract Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is traditionally regarded as a proinflammatory cytokine by virtue
of its strong macrophage activating potential and its association with Th1 driven immune …

Objectives. Innate immune responses in the rheumatoid synovium contribute to inflammation
and joint destruction in RA. Two IκB kinase (IKK)-related kinases, TNF receptor associated …

Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) induces the expression and secretion of interleukin 8 (IL-8),
which contributes to synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To elucidate the mechanism of the …