Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by persistent
and partially reversible airflow obstruction, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality …

Introduction: Long-acting bronchodilators are pivotal in the therapeutic management of
COPD patients with moderate-to-severe airflow obstruction. New ultra-long-acting β2 …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by progressive airflow
limitation. In moderate-to-severe COPD, long-acting bronchodilators are the basis of …

COPD is characterized by progressive airflow obstruction which does not fully reverse to
inhaled or oral pharmacotherapy. The management of patients with COPD has taken a …

Introduction: For the last two decades, long-acting β agonists (LABAs) have been a
cornerstone in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They …

Bronchodilators are central to the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD). Recent therapeutic developments in COPD underscore a shift from short-acting …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive airflow
limitation and debilitating symptoms. For patients with moderate-to-severe COPD, long …

Introduction Inhaled β-agonists have been foundational medications for maintenance COPD
management for decades. Through activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate …

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by partially
reversible airflow limitation. Many patients have little reversibility to short acting …

Background Inhaled long-acting bronchodilators are the mainstay of pharmacotherapy for
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Both the twice-daily long-acting β2 …