Androgens play a pivotal role during development. These gonadal hormones and their
receptors exert organizational actions that shape brain morphology in regions controlling the …

Estradiol and testosterone are powerful steroid hormones that impact brain function in
numerous ways. During development, these hormones can act to program the adult brain in …

The prevalence of affective disorders is two times greater in women than in men. The onset
of anxiety and depression occurs at different ages that may correspond to key …

The hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis plays a key role in the neuroendocrine
response to stress and in maintaining physiological homoeostasis. However, stress that is …

Sex steroid hormones during development permanently alter, or organize, the brain and
behavior, while during adulthood they act to reversibly modulate, or activate, physiology and …

Sex differences in the neuroendocrine response to acute stress occur in both animals and
humans. In rodents, stressors such as restraint and novelty induce a greater activation of the …

Pronounced gender-related differences are observable in the regulation of the limbic-
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (LHPA) activity under basal and stress-related conditions …

Despite clear evidence of the potency by which sex steroids operate on the hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and genuine sex differences in disorders related to HPA …

Activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is a basic reaction of animals to
environmental perturbations that threaten homeostasis. These responses are ultimately …

Sex differences in the response to stress contribute to sex differences in somatic,
neurological, and psychiatric diseases. Despite a growing literature on the mechanisms that …