Tramadol, an analgesic classified as an “atypical opioid”, exhibits both opioid and non-
opioid mechanisms of action. This study aimed to explore these mechanisms, specifically …

It has been considered that tramadol, a centrally acting analgesic, shows its effect via
opiatergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic systems. It has a low affinity for opioid receptors …

Tramadol (TRAM) is an analgesic pharmacologically different to classical opioids. In the
present work, the involvement of adrenergic-, opioid-, and serotonergic-mediated pathways …

We investigated whether tramadol could suppress both neuropathic and inflammatory pain
in mice at the same dose level. We also examined the effects of drugs metabolized by …

The mechanism of action of tramadol includes the activation of opioid receptors, and the
potential ability of the drug to induce tolerance and physical dependence has been …

Abstract Rationale Tramadol (1 RS, 2 RS)-2-[(dimethylamino)-methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-
cyclohexanol) is an atypical centrally acting analgesic agent with weak opioid receptor …

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic that acts via μ-opioid agonism and by blocking the
neuronal uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Clonidine potentiates the antinociceptive …

Tramadol is an atypical opioid with a complex mechanism of action including a synergistic
interaction between the parent drug and an active metabolite. The local action of the parent …

Tramadol is an atypical opioid with a complex mechanism of action including the synergistic
interaction between the parent drug and an active metabolite. However, the local action of …

The aim of this investigation was to assess the role that NO plays in the antinociceptive
activity of tramadol using a rat model of neuropathic pain. Thirty male Wistar rats weighing …