The estrogen receptor (ER) mediates estrogenic activity in a variety of organs, including
those in the reproductive, cardiovascular, immune, and central nervous systems …

Background Cardioprotection provided by estrogen has been recognized for many years. It
is noteworthy that most of these studies employ a means of preinjury application in …

The cardiovascular system of a premenopausal woman is prepared to adapt to the
challenges of increased cardiac output and work load that accompany pregnancy. Thus, it is …

Reports have correlated the use of estrogen for the treatment of menopausal symptoms with
beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. Molecular, biochemical, preclinical, and …

Oestrogen protects the heart from ischaemic injury. The current study aims to characterise
two novel oestrogen receptor (ER) ligands, an ERα agonist ERA-45 and an ERβ antagonist …

Observational studies have consistently shown a markedly decreased risk of cardiovascular
disease in postmenopausal women when treated with oestrogens. This review discusses …

Females have a lower incidence of heart failure and improved survival after myocardial
ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) compared with males. Although estrogen-suppressed …

Background: Female sex hormones may have protective effects against arrhythmias,
including reperfusion arrhythmias (RAs), but the mechanisms are still not completely known …

There is an increase in the incidence of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction
(MI) after menopause. However, the use of estrogen therapy (E2) remains controversial. The …

The effects of estrogen deficiency on the loss of cardioprotection with advancing age are
complex and poorly understood. A major focus of the current study was to uncover a …