During the past decade there has been a substantial advance in our understanding of
estrogen signaling both from a clinical as well as a preclinical perspective. Estrogen …

Estrogen receptor beta (ER-β) regulates diverse physiological functions in the human body.
Current studies are confined to ER-β1, and the functional roles of isoforms 2, 4, and 5 …

Coronary atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women have been
linked to inflammation and reduced nitric oxide (NO) formation. Natural estrogen exerts …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and growth factor receptors mediate multiple physio-
pathological responses to a diverse array of extracellular stimuli. In this regard, it has been …

Estrogen is a steroid hormone that has critical roles in reproductive development, bone
homeostasis, cardiovascular remodeling and brain functions. However, estrogen also …

Estrogens influence many physiological processes in mammals, including but not limited to
reproduction, cardiovascular health, bone integrity, cognition, and behavior. Given this …

The temporal and tissue-specific actions of estrogen are mediated by estrogen receptors α
and β. The ERs are steroid hormone receptors that modulate the transcription of target …

The recent discovery of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) presents new
challenges and opportunities for understanding the physiology, pathophysiology, and …

Male reproductive function is under the control of both gonadotropins and androgens
through a negative feedback loop that involves the hypothalamus, pituitary, and testis known …

Estrogens play a key role in regulating reproductive and neuroendocrine function by
activating classical nuclear steroid receptors that act as ligand gated transcription factors …