Objectives To examine the influence of smoking on biologics treatment against different
therapeutic targets, such as TNFα, IL-6, and T cell, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and elucidate …

Objective. Environmental factors are involved in RA pathogenesis and epidemiological
studies have suggested that smoking is an environmental risk factor for RA. The 2, 3, 7, 8 …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by both genetic and
environmental factors. Smoking has been implicated as one of the most important extrinsic …

Although rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common autoimmune disease, affecting
approximately 1% of the population worldwide, its pathogenic mechanisms are poorly …

Background Epidemiologic studies have highlighted the association of environmental
factors with the development and progression of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory …

The aim of this study was to determine the activation level of the pro-inflammatory
transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in lymphocytes of patients with rheumatoid …

Previous research has demonstrated that nicotine have protective role in rheumatoid arthritis
(RA). However, the immunologic mechanisms of nicotine's effect have not been fully …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by the chronic
inflammation of the synovium, which develops to joint destruction. Quite interestingly RA has …

Background Biologics (Bio) targeting cytokines and lymphocytes have shown outstanding
efficacy and become a master of drug in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However …

In the synovial cells of patients with RA, activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway
results in the transactivation of a multitude of responsive genes that contribute to the …