There is continued interest in developing novel vaccine strategies that induce establish
optimal CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) memory for pathogens like the influenza A …

Influenza viral evolution presents a formidable challenge to vaccination due to the virus'
ability to rapidly mutate to evade immune responses. Live influenza infections generate …

Memory CD4+ T cells combat viral infection and contribute to protective immune responses
through multiple mechanisms, but how these pathways interact is unclear. We found that …

The kinetics of presentation of influenza virus–derived antigens (Ags), resulting in CD4 T cell
effector and memory generation, remains undefined. Naive influenza-specific CD4 T cells …

Memory CD8 T cells recognizing conserved proteins from influenza A virus (IAV), such as
nucleoprotein, have the potential to provide protection in individuals who lack the proper …

Highlights•Memory influenza-specific CD8+ T cells drive rapid recovery from influenza
disease.•CD8+ T cell memory pools cross-react with distinct influenza strains.•Universal T …

Influenza virus frequently mutates due to its error-prone polymerase. This feature contributes
to influenza virus's ability to evade pre-existing immunity, leading to annual epidemics and …

The nature of the CD8+ T cells that underlie antiviral protective immunological memory in
vivo is unclear. We have characterized peptide-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes directly ex vivo …

We have outlined the carefully orchestrated process of CD4+ T‐cell differentiation from
naïve to effector and from effector to memory cells with a focus on how these processes can …

Memory CD8+ T cells are programmed during the primary response for robust secondary
responsiveness. Here we show that CD8+ T cells responding to different epitopes of …