We have previously demonstrated that activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
(p38 MAPK) in the spinal microglia mediates morphine antinociceptive tolerance …

Compelling evidence has suggested that spinal glial cells were activated by chronic
morphine treatment and involved in the development of morphine tolerance. However, the …

We have demonstrated that the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in
the spinal microglia played an essential role in the development of morphine antinociceptive …

Activation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38) in spinal microglia is implicated in
spinal nociceptive processing. Minocycline, a tetracycline derivative, displays selective …

Recent data suggest that opioids can activate immune-like cells of the central nervous
system (glia). This opioid-induced glial activation is associated with decreased analgesia …

We have previously demonstrated that glial inhibitors reduce the development of allodynia
and hyperalgesia, potentiating the effect of a single morphine dose in a neuropathic pain …

Tolerance to the chronic administration of opioids such as morphine reduces the utility of
these drugs in pain management. Despite significant investigation, the precise cellular …

In neuropathic pain the repeated minocycline treatment inhibited the mRNA and protein
expression of the microglial markers and metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). The minocycline …

Background Evidence has accumulated indicating that microglia within the spinal cord play
a critical role in morphine tolerance. The present study investigated the effects and possible …

Background In addition to its classical effects on opioid receptors, morphine can activate glia
and stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory immune molecules which in turn counteract …