Recently, several potential harm reduction strategies, such as reduction in the number of
cigarettes smoked and the use of modified cigarette products, have been discussed as …

We determined the persistence at various times (3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 56 days) of eight
tobacco smoke carcinogen and toxicant biomarkers in the urine of 17 smokers who stopped …

In this study we determined urine concentration of the tobacco alkaloids anabasine and
anatabine, nicotine and its metabolites cotinine, and nornicotine in 99 cigarette smokers and …

Epidemiologic studies show a dose-response relationship between cigarettes per day and
health outcomes such as heart and lung disease, and health outcomes are related to some …

Background: No prior studies have related a tobacco-specific carcinogen to the risk of lung
cancer in smokers. Of the over 60 known carcinogens in cigarette smoke, 4 …

Cigarette design has changed markedly over the past 60 years and sales-weighed levels of
tar and nicotine have decreased. Currently, cigarettes are classified as regular (> 14.5 mg …

Nicotine is the most abundant alkaloid in tobacco accounting for 95% of the alkaloid content.
There are also several minor tobacco alkaloids; among these are nornicotine, anatabine …

Tobacco carcinogen and toxicant biomarkers are metabolites or protein or DNA adducts of
specific compounds in tobacco products. Highly reliable analytical methods, based mainly …

Urinary metabolites of tobacco smoke toxins are often used as biomarkers for the evaluation
of active and passive exposure to cigarette smoke toxins. In a study of healthy smokers, we …

Tobacco products are the leading cause of avoidable cancer death in the US, accounting for
approximately 30% of all cancer deaths. While avoidance of tobacco and smoking cessation …