Background Repetitive opioid use does not always alleviate basal pain, procedural pain, or
both after burn injury. Mitigation of burn injury-site pain can be achieved by GTS-21 …

Background: Burn injury (BI) pain consists of inflammatory and neuropathic components and
activates microglia. Nicotinic alpha 7 acetylcholine receptors (α7AChRs) expressed in …

Background: Activation of spinal cord glial cells such as microglia and astrocytes has been
shown to regulate chronic opioid-induced antinociceptive tolerance and hyperalgesia, due …

Abstract Editor's Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic Opiates, including
morphine, remain a key component in the management of postsurgical pain; however …

Management of chronic pain, such as nerve-injury-induced neuropathic pain associated
with diabetic neuropathy, viral infection, and cancer, is a real clinical challenge. Major …

Purpose Morphine is a powerful analgesic but its effect is often diminished owing to the
development of tolerance. It has been suggested that morphine activates microglia through …

Background The authors previously reported that noncoding microRNA miR-219-5p is down-
regulated in the spinal cord in a nociceptive state. The ventral tegmental area also plays …

Although they represent the cornerstone of analgesic therapy, opioids, such as morphine,
are limited in efficacy by drug tolerance, hyperalgesia and other side effects. Activation of …

Background: The administration of µ-opioid receptors (MOR) and δ-opioid receptors (DOR)
as well as cannabinoid-2 receptor (CB2R) agonists attenuates neuropathic pain. We …

Background In addition to its classical effects on opioid receptors, morphine can activate glia
and stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory immune molecules which in turn counteract …