Chronic viral hepatitis infections are a major public health concern, with an estimated 290
million individuals infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) globally. This virus has been a …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a non-cytopathic, hepatotropic virus with the potential to cause a
persistent infection, ultimately leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Over the …

Highlights•Hepatocellular HBV infection is noncytopathic.•HBV does not induce a
measurable innate immune response in vivo.•Robust, broad adaptive immune responses …

The adaptive immune response, particularly the virus‐specific CD8+ T‐cell response, is
largely responsible for viral clearance and disease pathogenesis during hepatitis B virus …

Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects the liver of humans or humanoid primates. In humans,
HBV infection often causes an inflammatory liver disease–hepatitis B. The virus is …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes chronic infections that are associated with immune
dysfunction. Though T cell impairment is perhaps the most prominent immune change …

In this review we focus on aspects of the virus‐specific cellular immune response, although
we should point out that all the components of the innate and adaptive immune response …

Under the immune pressure of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), hepatitis B virus (HBV) evolves to
accumulate mutations more likely within epitopes to evade immune detection. However, little …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of acute and chronic liver inflammation worldwide.
The immune response against the virus represents a key factor in determining infection …

The hepatitis B and C viruses persist by evasion of T cell immunity. Persistence depends
upon premature failure of CD4+ T cell help and loss of CD8+ T cell control because of …