Traditionally, motor learning has been studied as an implicit learning process, one in which
movement errors are used to improve performance in a continuous, gradual manner. The …

One mechanism for acquiring new motor skills is minimization of errors from one practice
trial to the next. A substantial body of literature supports a role for cerebellar pathways in …

Abstract See Miall and Galea (doi: 10.1093/awv343) for a scientific commentary on this
article. Reinforcement and error-based processes are essential for motor learning, with the …

When we use a novel tool, the motor commands may not produce the expected outcome. In
healthy individuals, with practice the brain learns to alter the motor commands. This change …

The cerebellum is essential for error-driven motor learning and is strongly implicated in
detecting and correcting for motor errors. Therefore, elucidating how motor errors are …

Motor learning can be framed theoretically as a problem of optimizing a movement policy in
a potentially uncertain or changing environment. This is precisely the general problem …

Making predictions and validating the predictions against actual sensory information is
thought to be one of the most fundamental functions of the nervous system. A growing body …

Studies in experimental animals and humans have stressed the role of the cerebellum in
motor skill learning. Yet, the relative importance of the cerebellar cortex and deep nuclei, as …

We have examined several different paradigms of adaptation and of “acquisition of skill”—
skill defined as a movement specialized to meet a certain goal and gained through practice …

While classical views of cerebellar learning have suggested that this structure predominantly
operates according to an error-based supervised learning rule to refine movements …