The concept of animal personality is based on consistent individual differences in behaviour,
yet little is known about the factors responsible for such variation. Theory based on sex …

A fundamental question in behavioural and evolutionary ecology is to what degree
individual phenotypic traits are variable over time and across ecological contexts and …

Animal personality is found in a wide range of taxa, yet our knowledge of what maintains
consistent among-individual variation in behaviour is still incomplete. Many personality traits …

Within populations, individual animals vary considerably in their behaviour, including mate
choice and personality. There is mounting interest in the potential covariation between these …

Background Intra-individual stable but inter-individually variable behaviours, ie
personalities, are commonly reported across diverse animal groups, yet the reasons for their …

Personality traits are becoming increasingly important in explaining adaptive individual
differences in animal behaviour and probably represent a leading edge of the evolutionary …

Explaining consistent variation in the behaviour of individuals in terms of personality
differences is one of the cornerstones of understanding human behaviour but is seldom …

Predation is a strong selective force in most natural systems, potentially fueling evolutionary
changes in prey morphology, life history and behaviour. Recent work has suggested that …

Alternative mating behaviour, personality traits and morphological characters are predicted
to be correlated. Bolder, larger and more colourful males are expected to preferentially court …

Consistent differences in human behaviour are often explained with reference to personality
traits. Recent evidence suggests that similar traits are widespread across the entire animal …