Background: Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for several chronic diseases.
Epidemiological data indicate the use of smokeless tobacco (ST) is associated with …

A study was conducted to evaluate biomarkers of biological effect and physiological
assessments related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) among adult male cigarette smokers …

Background: The objective of this study was to obtain baseline data on biomarkers of
exposure (BoE) and biomarkers of potential harm (BoPH) in smokers, former smokers and …

Background: The existing US epidemiological data show that long-term cigarette smokers
are at higher risk of developing serious diseases relative to moist snuff consumers. To …

Secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) is a known cause of many adverse health effects in
adults and children. Increasingly, SHSe assessment is an element of tobacco control …

Objective and design The aim of this study is to investigate the inflammatory alterations due
to the use of smokeless tobacco and dual use of smokeless tobacco and cigarettes, relative …

Diseases and death caused by exposure to tobacco smoke have become the single most
serious preventable public health concern. Thus, biomarkers that can monitor tobacco …

Background: Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for several diseases, including cardiovascular
disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer, but the role of specific …

Background: Monitoring population-level toxicant exposures from smokeless tobacco (SLT)
use is important for assessing population health risks due to product use. In this study, we …

Introduction: It has been reported that adult smokers (AS) may be considering smokeless
tobacco products as an alternative to smoking. The objective of this study was to evaluate …