Secondary transporters exist as monomers, dimers or higher state oligomers. The
significance of the oligomeric state is only partially understood. Here, the significance of the …

l-Carnitine is essential for β-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria. Bacterial metabolic
pathways are used for the production of this medically important compound. Here, we report …

Most secondary-active transporters transport their substrates using an electrochemical ion
gradient. In contrast, the carnitine transporter (CaiT) is an ion-independent, l-carnitine/γ …

CaiT is a membrane antiporter that catalyzes the exchange of l-carnitine with γ-
butyrobetaine across the Escherichia coli membrane. To obtain structural insights into the …

CaiT is a homotrimeric antiporter that exchanges l-carnitine (CRN) with γ-butyrobetaine
(GBB) across the bacterial membrane. Three structures have been resolved to date for CaiT …

The carnitine transporter CaiT from Escherichia coli belongs to the betaine, choline, and
carnitine transporter family of secondary transporters. It acts as an l-carnitine/γ-butyrobetaine …

Transport of solutes across biological membranes is performed by specialized secondary
transport proteins in the lipid bilayer, and is essential for life. Here we report the structures of …

Tripartite ATP independent periplasmic (TRAP) transporters are widespread in prokaryotes
and are responsible for the transport of a variety of different ligands, primarily organic acids …

Fluctuations in osmolarity are one of the most prevalent stresses to which bacteria must
adapt, both hypo-and hyperosmotic conditions. Most bacteria cope with high osmolarity by …

Background Escherichia coli is a widely used tool for the over-expression of human proteins
for studying structure and function. The toxicity of human proteins for E. coli often hampers …