How fear is represented in the brain has generated a lot of research attention, not only
because fear increases the chances for survival when appropriately expressed but also …

In the whole animal kingdom, fear learning is an essential process that allows living beings
to survive. Therefore, revealing the neurophysiological processes that govern the …

Learned fear is a process allowing quick detection of associations between cues in the
environment and prediction of imminent threat. Adaptive function in a changing environment …

Fear, which can be expressed innately or after conditioning, is triggered when a danger or a
stimulus predicting immediate danger is perceived. Its role is to prepare the body to face this …

Decades of research has identified the brain areas that are involved in fear, fear extinction,
anxiety and related defensive behaviours. Newly developed genetic and viral tools …

The generalization of fear memories is an adaptive neurobiological process that promotes
survival in complex and dynamic environments. When confronted with a potential threat, an …

Physical proximity to a traumatic event increases the severity of accompanying stress
symptoms, an effect that is reminiscent of evolutionarily configured fear responses based on …

Fear conditioning and fear extinction are Pavlovian conditioning paradigms extensively
used to study the mechanisms that underlie learning and memory formation. The neural …

Fear extinction is the well-known process of fear reduction through repeated re-exposure to
a feared stimulus without the aversive outcome. The last two decades have witnessed a …

The brain mechanisms of fear have been studied extensively using Pavlovian fear
conditioning, a procedure that allows exploration of how the brain learns about and later …