The antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs are a set of agents with a wide range of different
pharmacologic effects. Many of these pharmacologic effects have an impact on sleep-wake …

Behavioral states alternate between wakefulness and sleep, which is further subdivided into
rapid-eye-movement sleep and non-rapid-eye-movement sleep. Waking and sleep states …

Sleep states are comprised of a constellation of physiologic and behavioral traits, and the
mechanisms by which sedative-hypnotic medications alter these traits remain unclear …

Sleep is a fundamental physiological feature experienced by all known mammalian, and
most non-mammalian, species. Underscoring its importance is the wide array of neural and …

Abnormal sleepiness is one of the primary symptoms of sleep disorders. Sleepiness is a
normal physiologic phenomenon, however, and only becomes excessive when it occurs in …

Sleep and rest can be satisfactorily explained as adaptive states 1, 2 whose core function is
energy conservation and behavioral regulation. In addition to these functions, certain …

A growing number of patients present in clinics with complaints of insomnia. Over the past
century, great advances have been made in our knowledge of mechanisms of sleep and …

Despite its prevalence, insomnia remains poorly understood, mainly because of the lack of
clear scientific data supporting the many approaches used. Millions of sufferers turn instead …

Medications, drugs of abuse, and alcohol can affect sleep performance either directly or
indirectly. Direct effects, such as the promotion of wakefulness by stimulants, are usually …

Sleep disorders are common and their diagnosis is becoming more widespread with
improved awareness among clinicians and patients. The armamentarium for the …