Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of perinatal
morbidity and mortality. However, the mechanisms underlying adverse birth outcomes …

Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke represents an important confounding factor in
epidemiological studies addressing developmental effects and requires careful controlling …

Introduction: The high prevalence of smoking and smokeless tobacco (ST) use during
pregnancy in Alaska Native (AN) women is concerning due to the detrimental effects of …

Abstract Background and Aims Smokers can regulate their nicotine intake by altering the
number of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD) and their smoking intensity. The current study …

Background Maternal cigarette smoking is an important modifiable risk factor for low birth
weight in the US. We investigated the maternal nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR; trans-3' …

Despite decades of messages warning about the dangers of tobacco use in pregnancy, 10%
to 15% of pregnant women continue to smoke. Furthermore, an increased popularity of …

Widespread public health campaigns have reduces the prevalence of tobacco and nicotine
exposures during pregnancy in the United States. However, tobacco and nicotine exposures …

Maternal smoking is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Because of concerns of
underreporting, investigators routinely perform biochemical testing to confirm smoking …

Objective: To evaluate the distribution of cotinine in fetal fluids and serum during the first half
of pregnancy, and compare the fetal and maternal cotinine levels in passive and active …

BACKGROUND: In utero exposure to constituents of tobacco smoke has perinatal and
postnatal health consequences. Umbilical cord plasma cotinine levels have been shown to …