The longer women are exposed to estrogens, through early menarche and late menopause
and/or through hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the higher is the risk of developing …

There is a clear association between the excessive exposure to estrogens and the
development of cancer in hormone-sensitive tissues (breast, endometrium). It has become …

Among the numerous small molecules in the body, the very few aromatic ones include the
estrogens and dopamine. In relation to cancer initiation, the estrogens should be considered …

The hydroxylation of estradiol results in the formation of catechol estrogens such as 2-
hydroxyestradiol ($2-OHE_2 $) and 4-hydroxyestradiol ($4-OHE_2 $). These catechol …

The risk/benefits of traditional estrogen replacement therapy. Recent data indicate that only
30% of postmenopausal women in the United States are currently receiving estrogen …

In this review, a mechanism of estrogen-induced cancer has been examined which features
a dual role of estrogen as hormone and carcinogen. Evidence exists that estrogens are …

Metabolism of estrogens via the catechol estrogen pathway is characterized by a balanced
set of activating and protective enzymes (homeostasis). Disruption of homeostasis, with …

Breast cancer risk has been associated with long-term estrogen exposure including
traditional hormone therapy (HT, formally hormone replacement therapy). To avoid …

Exposure to estrogens is associated with increased risk of breast and other types of human
cancer. Estrogens are converted to metabolites, particularly the catechol estrogen-3, 4 …

Estrogen metabolism has received attention owing to the recognition that oxidative
metabolism of these hormones could play a very important role in the initiation and evolution …