Fetal kidney development is characterized by increased uptake of glucose, ATP production
by glycolysis, and upregulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and hypoxia …

Hyperglycemia augments flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and
subsequent O-linkage of single β-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine moieties to serine and threonine …

The development of the foetal heart is driven by increased glucose uptake and activation of
mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α), which …

Metabolic flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) is increased in the
presence of high glucose (HG) and potentially stimulates the expression of genes …

Background Energy metabolism in proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) is unique,
because ATP production largely depends on lipolysis in both the fed and fasting states …

The developmental programming hypothesis proposes that adverse environmental insults
during critical developmental periods increase the risk of diseases later in life. The kidneys …

There is greater than tenfold variation in nephron number of the human kidney at birth.
Although low nephron number is a recognized risk factor for CKD, its determinants are …

Hypertensive individuals are at greater risk for developing chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Reducing proteinuria has been suggested as a possible therapeutic approach to treat CKD …

Abstract Aims O‐Linked β‐N‐acetylglucosamine (O‐GlcNAc) modification, a unique post‐
translational modification of proteins, is elevated in diabetic nephropathy. This review aims …

The “developmental origins of health and disease” theory indicates that many adult-onset
diseases can originate in the earliest stages of life. The developing kidney has emerged as …