Severe bacterial or viral infections can induce a state of immune hyperactivation that can
culminate in a potentially lethal cytokine storm. The classic example is toxic shock …

Life-threatening infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, particularly the community-
acquired methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus, continue to pose serious problems …

Staphylococcal enterotoxins can cause toxic shock syndrome and autoimmune diseases.
Circulating T cells from these diseases have a very wide range of expression in particular T …

Bacterial T cell superantigens (SAgs) are a family of microbial exotoxins that function to
activate large numbers of T cells simultaneously. SAgs activate T cells by direct binding and …

Superantigens (SAGs) interact with host immune receptors to induce a massive release of
inflammatory cytokines that can lead to toxic shock syndrome and death. Bacterial SAGs can …

Superantigens (SAGs) bind simultaneously to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and T‐
cell receptor (TCR) molecules, resulting in the massive release of inflammatory cytokines …

Streptococcus pyogenes, also referred to as group A Streptococcus (GAS), is an exclusive
human pathogen causing diseases ranging from uncomplicated infections of the throat and …

The Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (SE) AI, and toxic-shock syndrome toxin TSST-1
act as superantigens to cause overstimulation of the host immune system, leading to the …

Superantigens (SAgs) are microbial toxins defined by their ability to activate T lymphocytes
in a T cell receptor (TCR) β-chain variable domain (Vβ)-specific manner. Although existing …

Bacterial superantigens (SAgs) constitute a large family of bacterial toxins that share the
capacity to induce massive activation of the human immune system. Such a feature is based …