Breathing results from sequential recruitment of muscles in the expiratory, inspiratory, and
postinspiratory (post-I) phases of the respiratory cycle. Here we investigate whether neurons …

Acute hypoxia elicits complex time-dependent responses including rapid augmentation of
inspiratory drive, shortening of inspiratory and expiratory durations (TI, TE), and short-term …

Coordination of respiratory pump and valve muscle activity is essential for normal breathing.
A hallmark respiratory response to hypercapnia and hypoxia is the emergence of active …

Collectively, the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and adjacent C1 neurons regulate breathing,
circulation and the state of vigilance, but previous methods to manipulate the activity of these …

Inspiratory activity of the hypoglossal nerve (XIIn) often precedes that of the phrenic nerve
(PHRn). By manipulating artificial respiration, this preceding activity (pre‐I XIIn activity) can …

The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains chemosensitive cells that distribute CO2-
dependent excitatory drive to the respiratory network. This drive facilitates the function of the …

Key points This study investigates the effects of cholinergic transmission on the expiratory
oscillator, the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG) in urethane anaesthetized adult rats …

Data from perinatal and juvenile rodents support our hypothesis that the preBötzinger
complex generates inspiratory rhythm and the retrotrapezoid nucleus–parafacial respiratory …

The rostroventrolateral medulla contains two functional neuronal populations:(1) the
parafacial respiratory group (pFRG) neurons and (2) the chemosensitive retrotrapezoid …

Breathing is regulated by a host of arousal and sleep-wake state-dependent
neuromodulators to maintain respiratory homeostasis. Modulators such as acetylcholine …