Earth's equator-to-pole temperature gradient drives westerly mid-latitude jet streams through
thermal wind balance 1. In the upper atmosphere, anthropogenic climate change is …

Climate variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean is determined by large-scale ocean–
atmosphere interactions, which particularly affect deep atmospheric convection over the …

The prevailing mid-latitude westerly winds, known as the westerlies, are a fundamental
component of the climate system because they have a crucial role in driving surface ocean …

A LARGE amount of momentum is transferred to the Southern Ocean by strong westerly
winds. Analytical and numerical models have suggested that transient eddies may be …

Nearly 50 years ago Bjerknes suggested that the character of large-scale air–sea interaction
over the mid-latitude North Atlantic Ocean differs with timescales: the atmosphere was …

Hurricane activity in the North Atlantic Ocean has increased significantly since 1995 (refs,).
This trend has been attributed to both anthropogenically induced climate change and …

Marine phytoplankton have a crucial role in the modulation of marine-based food webs,
fishery yields and the global drawdown of atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, owing to …

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation carries warm upper waters into far-northern
latitudes and returns cold deep waters southward across the Equator. Its heat transport …

Rainfall variability in northeast South America1 and the Sahel region of Africa2–4 is
profoundly influenced by the sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Of …

ALTHOUGH ocean circulation and the consequent exchange of heat and gases with the
atmosphere exert a strong influence on climate, discussions of global circulation have …